To examine the effect of smoking on the outcomes of IBD, clinical characteristics including disease phenotype, medication use, number of admissions, number of ER visits, surgery, new cancer development, survival status, endoscopic severity, baseline hemoglobin, c-reactive protein (CRP), and albumin were retrieved and analyzed
Furthermore, among ex-smokers who had quit less than five years prior to the study, those who had gone on to use e-cigarettes were more likely to develop lung cancer (adjusted HR=1.23, 95%CI 1.091.39), and to die from lung cancer (adjusted HR=1.71, 95%CI 1.102.66) than those who had not
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