On the contrary, MC4R agonist, setmelanotide, was approved for the rare MC4R-deficiency, BardetBiedl syndrome (BBS), with severe obesity in childhood [10, 23]
December 15, 2024
Gastrointestinal distress is a commonly reported side effect of GLP-1s, impacting roughly 40% to 70% of patients
in contrast, a high protein test breakfast (enriched with milk-based proteins) or liquid preloads of whey, casein, soy and gluten caused a prolonged suppression of ghrelin.42 The ability of ingested proteins and carbohydrates to cause ghrelin suppression is similar, even if they act with a different kinetic.43 Ghrelin concentrations may both decrease or increase after ingestion of a high-fat meal, with a slower return to baseline than after an ingestion of high-carbohydrate meal.44,45 The effect of fatty acids on ghrelin secretion may be dependent on their chain length.45 In a study, long-chain fatty acids (sodium oleate, 18 carbon atoms) showed to inhibit ghrelin, whereas medium-chain fatty acids (sodium caprylate, 8 carbon atoms) were ineffective.46 Nutrients and CCK release Ingested fats and proteins cause a greater, faster and longer postprandial release of CCK than carbohydrates.47 In fact CCK increase after carbohydrates is short-lived and returns to baseline within 1h.48 Fiber content of the meal also affects postprandial CCK release
However, larger human clinical trials are still ongoing to fully map out its real-world efficacy
